The Rules
of Baseball
10.00 THE
OFFICIAL SCORER
10.01
(a) The league president shall appoint an official scorer for each league
championship game. The official scorer shall observe the game from a
position in the press box. The scorer shall have sole authority to make
all decisions involving judgment, such as whether a batter's advance
to first base is the result of a hit or an error. He shall communicate
such decisions to the press box and broadcasting booths by hand signals
or over the press box loud speaker system, and shall advise the public
address announcer of such decisions if requested. The Official Scorer
must make all decisions concerning judgment calls within twenty four
(24) hours after a game has been officially concluded. No judgment decision
shall be changed thereafter except, upon immediate application to the
League President, the scorer may request a change, citing the reasons
for such. In all cases, the official scorer is not permitted to make
a scoring decision which is in conflict with the scoring rules. After
each game, including forfeited and called games, the scorer shall prepare
a report, on a form prescribed by the league president, listing the
date of the game, where it was played, the names of the competing clubs
and the umpires, the full score of the game, and all records of individual
players compiled according to the system specified in these Official
Scoring Rules. He shall forward this report to the league office within
thirty six hours after the game ends. He shall forward the report of
any suspended game within thirty six hours after the game has been completed,
or after it becomes an official game because it cannot be completed,
as provided by the Official Playing Rules. (b) (1) To achieve uniformity
in keeping the records of championship games, the scorer shall conform
strictly to the Official Scoring Rules. The scorer shall have authority
to rule on any point not specifically covered in these rules. (2) If
the teams change sides before three men are put out, the scorer shall
immediately inform the umpire of the mistake. (3) If the game is protested
or suspended, the scorer shall make a note of the exact situation at
the time of the protest or suspension, including the score, the number
of outs, the position of any runners, and the ball and strike count
on the batter. NOTE: It is important that a suspended game resume with
exactly the same situation as existed at the time of suspension. If
a protested game is ordered replayed from the point of protest, it must
be resumed with exactly the situation that existed just before the protested
play. (4) The scorer shall not make any decision conflicting with the
Official Playing Rules, or with an umpire's decision. (5) The scorer
shall not call the attention of the umpire or of any member of either
team to the fact that a player is batting out of turn. (c) (1) The scorer
is an official representative of the league, and is entitled to the
respect and dignity of his office, and shall be accorded full protection
by the league president. The scorer shall report to the president any
indignity expressed by any manager, player, club employee or club officer
in the course of, or as the result of, the discharge of his duties.
10.02
The official score report prescribed by the league president shall make
provisions for entering the information listed below, in a form convenient
for the compilation of permanent statistical records: (a) The following
records for each batter and runner: (1) Number of times he batted, except
that no time at bat shall be charged against a player when (i) He hits
a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly (ii) He is awarded first base on four
called balls (iii) He is hit by a pitched ball (iv) He is awarded first
base because of interference or obstruction. (2) Number of runs scored
(3) Number of safe hits (4) Number of runs batted in (5) Two base hits
(6) Three base hits (7) Home runs (8) Total bases on safe hits (9) Stolen
bases (10) Sacrifice bunts (11) Sacrifice flies (12) Total number of
bases on balls (13) Separate listing of any intentional bases on balls
(14) Number of times hit by a pitched ball (15) Number of times awarded
first base for interference or obstruction. (16) Strikeouts (b) The
following records for each fielder: (1) Number of putouts (2) Number
of assists (3) Number of errors (4) Number of double plays participated
in (5) Number of triple plays participated in (c) The following records
for each pitcher: (1) Number of innings pitched. NOTE: In computing
innings pitched, count each putout as one third of an inning. If a starting
pitcher is replaced with one out in the sixth inning, credit that pitcher
with 5 1/3 innings. If a starting pitcher is replaced with none out
in the sixth inning, credit that pitcher with 5 innings, and make the
notation that he faced ___ batters in the sixth. If a relief pitcher
retires two batters and is replaced, credit that pitcher with 2/3 inning
pitched. (2) Total number of batters faced (3) Number of batters officially
at bat against pitcher computed according to 10.02 (a) (1). (4) Number
of hits allowed (5) Number of runs allowed (6) Number of earned runs
allowed (7) Number of home runs allowed (8) Number of sacrifice hits
allowed (9) Number of sacrifice flies allowed (10) Total number of bases
on balls allowed (11) Separate listing of any intentional bases on balls
allowed (12) Number of batters hit by pitched balls (13) Number of strikeouts
(14) Number of wild pitches (15) Number of balks (d) The following additional
data: (1) Name of the winning pitcher (2) Name of the losing pitcher
(3) Names of the starting pitcher and the finishing pitcher for each
team. (4) Name of pitcher credited with save. (e) Number of passed balls
allowed by each catcher. (f) Name of players participating in double
plays and triple plays. EXAMPLE: Double Plays_Jones, Roberts and Smith
(2). Triple Play_Jones and Smith. (g) Number of runners left on base
by each team. This total shall include all runners who get on base by
any means and who do not score and are not put out. Include in this
total a batter runner whose batted ball results in another runner being
retired for the third out. (h) Names of batters who hit home runs with
bases full. (i) Names of batters who ground into force double plays
and reverse force double plays. (j) Names of runners caught stealing.
(k) Number of outs when winning run scored, if game is won in last half
inning. (l) The score by innings for each team. (m) Names of umpires,
listed in this order (1) plate umpire, (2) first base umpire, (3) second
base umpire, (4) third base umpire. (n) Time required to play the game,
with delays for weather or light failure deducted.
10.03
(a) In compiling the official score report, the official scorer shall
list each player's name and his fielding position or positions in the
order in which the player batted, or would have batted if the game ends
before he gets to bat. NOTE: When a player does not exchange positions
with another fielder but is merely placed in a different spot for a
particular batter, do not list this as a new position. EXAMPLES: (1)
Second baseman goes to the outfield to form a four man outfield. (2)
Third baseman moves to a position between shortstop and second baseman.
(b) Any player who enters the game as a substitute batter or substitute
runner, whether or not he continues in the game thereafter, shall be
identified in the batting order by a special symbol which shall refer
to a separate record of substitute batters and runners. Lower case letters
are recommended as symbols for substitute batters, and numerals as symbols
for substitute runners. The record of substitute batters shall describe
what the substitute batter did. EXAMPLES "a Singled for ___ in
third inning; b Flied out for ___ in sixth inning; c Forced ___ for
___ in seventh inning; d Grounded out for ___ in ninth inning; 1 Ran
for ___ in ninth inning. The record of substitute batters and runners
shall include the name of any such substitute whose name is announced,
but who is removed for a second substitute before he actually gets into
the game. Such substitution shall be recorded as "e Announced as
substitute for ___ in seventh inning." Any such second substitute
shall be recorded as batting or running for the first announced substitute.
HOW TO PROVE A BOX SCORE (c) A box score is in balance (or proved) when
the total of the team's times at bat, bases on balls received, hit batters,
sacrifice bunts, sacrifice flies and batters awarded first base because
of interference or obstruction equals the total of that team's runs,
players left on base and the opposing team's putouts.
WHEN PLAYER BATS OUT OF TURN (d) When a player bats out of turn, and
is put out, and the proper batter is called out before the ball is pitched
to the next batter, charge the proper batter with a time at bat and
score the putout and any assists the same as if the correct batting
order had been followed. If an improper batter becomes a runner and
the proper batter is called out for having missed his turn at bat, charge
the proper batter with a time at bat, credit the putout to the catcher,
and ignore everything entering into the improper batter's safe arrival
on base. If more than one batter bats out of turn in succession score
all plays just as they occur, skipping the turn at bat of the player
or players who first missed batting in the proper order.
CALLED AND FORFEITED GAMES (e) (1) If a regulation game is called, include
the record of all individual and team actions up to the moment the game
ends, as defined in Rules 4.10 and 4.11. If it is a tie game, do not
enter a winning or losing pitcher. (2) If a regulation game is forfeited,
include the record of all individual and team actions up to the time
of forfeit. If the winning team by forfeit is ahead at the time of forfeit,
enter as winning and losing pitchers the players who would have qualified
if the game had been called at the time of forfeit. If the winning team
by forfeit is behind or if the score is tied at the time of forfeit,
do not enter a winning or losing pitcher. If a game is forfeited before
it becomes a regulation game, include no records. Report only the fact
of the forfeit.
RUNS BATTED IN
10.04
(a) Credit the batter with a run batted in for every run which reaches
home base because of the batter's safe hit, sacrifice bunt, sacrifice
fly, infield out or fielder's choice; or which is forced over the plate
by reason of the batter becoming a runner with the bases full (on a
base on balls, or an award of first base for being touched by a pitched
ball, or for interference or obstruction). (1) Credit a run batted in
for the run scored by the batter who hits a home run. Credit a run batted
in for each runner who is on base when the home run is hit and who scores
ahead of the batter who hits the home run. (2) Credit a run batted in
for the run scored when, before two are out, an error is made on a play
on which a runner from third base ordinarily would score. (b) Do not
credit a run batted in when the batter grounds into a force double play
or a reverse force double play. (c) Do not credit a run batted in when
a fielder is charged with an error because he muffs a throw at first
base which would have completed a force double play. (d) Scorer's judgment
must determine whether a run batted in shall be credited for a run which
scores when a fielder holds the ball, or throws to a wrong base. Ordinarily,
if the runner keeps going, credit a run batted in; if the runner stops
and takes off again when he notices the misplay, credit the run as scored
on a fielder's choice.
BASE HITS
10.05
A base hit shall be scored in the following cases: (a) When a batter
reaches first base (or any succeeding base) safely on a fair ball which
settles on the ground or touches a fence before being touched by a fielder,
or which clears a fence; (b) When a batter reaches first base safely
on a fair ball hit with such force, or so slowly, that any fielder attempting
to make a play with it has no opportunity to do so; NOTE: A hit shall
be scored if the fielder attempting to handle the ball cannot make a
play, even if such fielder deflects the ball from or cuts off another
fielder who could have put out a runner. (c) When a batter reaches first
base safely on a fair ball which takes an unnatural bounce so that a
fielder cannot handle it with ordinary effort, or which touches the
pitcher's plate or any base, (including home plate), before being touched
by a fielder and bounces so that a fielder cannot handle it with ordinary
effort; (d) When a batter reaches first base safely on a fair ball which
has not been touched by a fielder and which is in fair territory when
it reaches the outfield unless in the scorer's judgment it could have
been handled with ordinary effort; (e) When a fair ball which has not
been touched by a fielder touches a runner or an umpire. EXCEPTION:
Do not score a hit when a runner is called out for having been touched
by an Infield Fly; (f) When a fielder unsuccessfully attempts to put
out a preceding runner, and in the scorer's judgment the batter runner
would not have been put out at first base by ordinary effort. NOTE:
In applying the above rules, always give the batter the benefit of the
doubt. A safe course to follow is to score a hit when exceptionally
good fielding of a ball fails to result in a putout.
10.06
A base hit shall not be scored in the following cases: (a) When a runner
is forced out by a batted ball, or would have been forced out except
for a fielding error; (b) When the batter apparently hits safely and
a runner who is forced to advance by reason of the batter becoming a
runner fails to touch the first base to which he is advancing and is
called out on appeal. Charge the batter with a time at bat but no hit;
(c) When the pitcher, the catcher or any infielder handles a batted
ball and puts out a preceding runner who is attempting to advance one
base or to return to his original base, or would have put out such runner
with ordinary effort except for a fielding error. Charge the batter
with a time at bat but no hit; (d) When a fielder fails in an attempt
to put out a preceding runner, and in the scorer's judgment the batter
runner could have been put out at first base. NOTE: This shall not apply
if the fielder merely looks toward or feints toward another base before
attempting to make the putout at first base; (e) When a runner is called
out for interference with a fielder attempting to field a batted ball,
unless in the scorer's judgment the batter runner would have been safe
had the interference not occurred.
DETERMINING VALUE OF BASE HITS
10.07
Whether a safe hit shall be scored as one base hit, two base hit, three
base hit or home run when no error or putout results shall be determined
as follows: (a) Subject to the provisions of 10.07 (b) and (c), it is
a one base hit if the batter stops at first base; it is a two base hit
if the batter stops at second base; it a three base hit if the batter
stops at third base; it is a home run if the batter touches all bases
and scores. (b) When, with one or more runners on base, the batter advances
more than one base on a safe hit and the defensive team makes an attempt
to put out a preceding runner, the scorer shall determine whether the
batter made a legitimate two base hit or three base hit, or whether
he advanced beyond first base on the fielder's choice. NOTE: Do not
credit the batter with a three base hit when a preceding runner is put
out at the plate, or would have been out but for an error. Do not credit
the batter with a two base hit when a preceding runner trying to advance
from first base is put out at third base, or would have been out but
for an error. However, with the exception of the above, do not determine
the value of base hits by the number of bases advanced by a preceding
runner. A batter may deserve a two base hit even though a preceding
runner advances one or no bases; he may deserve only a one base hit
even though he reaches second base and a preceding runner advances two
bases. EXAMPLES: (1) Runner on first, batter hits to right fielder,
who throws to third base in unsuccessful attempt to put out runner.
Batter takes second base. Credit batter with one base hit. (2) Runner
on second. Batter hits fair fly ball. Runner holds up to determine if
ball is caught, and advances only to third base, while batter takes
second. Credit batter with two base hit. (3) Runner on third. Batter
hits high fair fly. Runner takes lead, then runs back to tag up, thinking
ball will be caught. Ball falls safe, but runner cannot score, although
batter has reached second. Credit batter with two base hit. (c) When
the batter attempts to make a two base hit or a three base hit by sliding,
he must hold the last base to which he advances. If he overslides and
is tagged out before getting back to the base safely, he shall be credited
with only as many bases as he attained safely. If he overslides second
base and is tagged out, he shall be credited with a one base hit; if
he overslides third base and is tagged out, he shall be credited with
a two base hit. NOTE: If the batter overruns second or third base and
is tagged out trying to return, he shall be credited with the last base
he touched. If he runs past second base after reaching that base on
his feet, attempts to return and is tagged out, he shall be credited
with a two base hit. If he runs past third base after reaching that
base on his feet, attempts to return and is tagged out, he shall be
credited with a three base hit. (d) When the batter, after making a
safe hit, is called out for having failed to touch a base, the last
base he reached safely shall determine if he shall be credited with
a one base hit, a two base hit or a three base hit. If he is called
out after missing home base, he shall be credited with a three base
hit. If he is called out for missing third base, he shall be credited
with a two base hit. If he is called out for missing second base, he
shall be credited with a one base hit. If he is called out for missing
first base, he shall be charged with a time at bat, but no hit. (e)
When the batter runner is awarded two bases, three bases or a home run
under the provisions of Playing Rules 7.05 or 7.06 (a), he shall be
credited with a two base hit, a three base hit or a home run, as the
case may be.
GAME ENDING HITS (f) Subject to the provisions of 10.07 (g), when the
batter ends a game with a safe hit which drives in as many runs as are
necessary to put his team in the lead, he shall be credited with only
as many bases on his hit as are advanced by the runner who scores the
winning run, and then only if the batter runs out his hit for as many
bases as are advanced by the runner who scores the winning run. NOTE:
Apply this rule even when the batter is theoretically entitled to more
bases because of being awarded an "automatic" extra base hit
under various provisions of Playing Rules 6.09 and 7.05. (g) When the
batter ends a game with a home run hit out of the playing field, he
and any runners on base are entitled to score.
STOLEN BASES
10.08
A stolen base shall be credited to a runner whenever he advances one
base unaided by a hit, a putout, an error, a force out, a fielder's
choice, a passed ball, a wild pitch or a balk, subject to the following:
(a) When a runner starts for the next base before the pitcher delivers
the ball and the pitch results in what ordinarily is scored a wild pitch
or passed ball, credit the runner with a stolen base and do not charge
the misplay. EXCEPTION: If, as a result of the misplay, the stealing
runner advances an extra base, or another runner also advances, score
the wild pitch or passed ball as well as the stolen base. (b) When a
runner is attempting to steal, and the catcher, after receiving the
pitch, makes a wild throw trying to prevent the stolen base, credit
a stolen base. Do not charge an error unless the wild throw permits
the stealing runner to advance one or more extra bases, or permits another
runner to advance, in which case credit the stolen base and charge one
error to the catcher. (c) When a runner, attempting to steal, or after
being picked off base, evades being put out in a run down play and advances
to the next base without the aid of an error, credit the runner with
a stolen base. If another runner also advances on the play, credit both
runners with stolen bases. If a runner advances while another runner,
attempting to steal, evades being put out in a run down play and returns
safely, without the aid of an error, to the base he originally occupied,
credit a stolen base to the runner who advances. (d) When a double or
triple steal is attempted and one runner is thrown out before reaching
and holding the base he is attempting to steal, no other runner shall
be credited with a stolen base. (e) When a runner is tagged out after
oversliding a base, while attempting either to return to that base or
to advance to the next base, he shall not be credited with a stolen
base. (f) When in the scorer's judgment a runner attempting to steal
is safe because of a muffed throw, do not credit a stolen base. Credit
an assist to the fielder who made the throw; charge an error to the
fielder who muffed the throw, and charge the runner with "caught
stealing." (g) No stolen base shall be scored when a runner advances
solely because of the defensive team's indifference to his advance.
Score as a fielder's choice.
CAUGHT STEALING (h) A runner shall be charged as "Caught Stealing"
if he is put out, or would have been put out by errorless play when
he (1) Tries to steal. (2) Is picked off a base and tries to advance
(any move toward the next base shall be considered an attempt to advance).
(3) Overslides while stealing. NOTE: In those instances where a pitched
ball eludes the catcher and the runner is put out trying to advance,
no caught stealing shall be charged. No caught stealing should be charged
when a runner is awarded a base due to obstruction.
SACRIFICES
10.09
(a) Score a sacrifice bunt when, before two are out, the batter advances
one or more runners with a bunt and is put out at first base, or would
have been put out except for a fielding error. (b) Score a sacrifice
bunt when, before two are out, the fielders handle a bunted ball without
error in an unsuccessful attempt to put out a preceding runner advancing
one base. EXCEPTION: When an attempt to turn a bunt into a putout of
a preceding runner fails, and in the scorer's judgment perfect play
would not have put out the batter at first base, the batter shall be
credited with a one base hit and not a sacrifice. (c) Do not score a
sacrifice bunt when any runner is put out attempting to advance one
base on a bunt. Charge the batter with a time at bat. (d) Do not score
a sacrifice bunt when, in the judgment of the scorer, the batter is
bunting primarily for a base hit and not for the purpose of advancing
a runner or runners. Charge the batter with a time at bat. NOTE: In
applying the above rule, always give the batter the benefit of the doubt.
(e) Score a sacrifice fly when, before two are out, the batter hits
a fly ball or a line drive handled by an outfielder or an infielder
running in the outfield which (1) is caught, and a runner scores after
the catch, or (2) is dropped, and a runner scores, if in the scorer's
judgment the runner could have scored after the catch had the fly been
caught. NOTE: Score a sacrifice fly in accordance with 10.09 (e) (2)
even though another runner is forced out by reason of the batter becoming
a runner.
PUTOUTS
10.10
A putout shall be credited to each fielder who (1) catches a fly ball
or a line drive, whether fair or foul; (2) catches a thrown ball which
puts out a batter or runner, or (3) tags a runner when the runner is
off the base to which he legally is entitled. (a) Automatic putouts
shall be credited to the catcher as follows: (1) When the batter is
called out for an illegally batted ball; (2) When the batter is called
out for bunting foul for his third strike; (Note exception in 10.17
(a) (4)). (3) When the batter is called out for being touched by his
own batted ball; (4) When the batter is called out for interfering with
the catcher. (5) When the batter is called out for failing to bat in
his proper turn; (See 10.03 (d)). (6) When the batter is called out
for refusing to touch first base after receiving a base on balls; (7)
When a runner is called out for refusing to advance from third base
to home with the winning run. (b) Other automatic putouts shall be credited
as follows (Credit no assists on these plays except as specified): (1)
When the batter is called out on an Infield Fly which is not caught,
credit the putout to the fielder who the scorer believes could have
made the catch; (2) When a runner is called out for being touched by
a fair ball (including an Infield Fly), credit the putout to the fielder
nearest the ball; (3) When a runner is called out for running out of
line to avoid being tagged, credit the putout to the fielder whom the
runner avoided; (4) When a runner is called out for passing another
runner, credit the putout to the fielder nearest the point of passing;
(5) When a runner is called out for running the bases in reverse order,
credit the putout to the fielder covering the base he left in starting
his reverse run; (6) When a runner is called out for having interfered
with a fielder, credit the putout to the fielder with whom the runner
interfered, unless the fielder was in the act of throwing the ball when
the interference occurred, in which case credit the putout to the fielder
for whom the throw was intended, and credit an assist to the fielder
whose throw was interfered with; (7) When the batter runner is called
out because of interference by a preceding runner, as provided in Playing
Rule 6.05 (m), credit the putout to the first baseman. If the fielder
interfered with was in the act of throwing the ball, credit him with
an assist, but credit only one assist on any one play under the provisions
of 10.10 (b) (6) and (7).
ASSISTS
10.11
An assist shall be credited to each fielder who throws or deflects a
batted or thrown ball in such a way that a putout results, or would
have resulted except for a subsequent error by any fielder. Only one
assist and no more shall be credited to each fielder who throws or deflects
the ball in a run down play which results in a putout, or would have
resulted in a putout, except for a subsequent error. NOTE: Mere ineffective
contact with the ball shall not be considered an assist. "Deflect"
shall mean to slow down or change the direction of the ball and thereby
effectively assist in putting out a batter or runner. (a) Credit an
assist to each fielder who throws or deflects the ball during a play
which results in a runner being called out for interference, or for
running out of line. (b) Do not credit an assist to the pitcher on a
strikeout. EXCEPTION: Credit an assist if the pitcher fields an uncaught
third strike and makes a throw which results in a putout. (c) Do not
credit an assist to the pitcher when, as the result of a legal pitch
received by the catcher, a runner is put out, as when the catcher picks
a runner off base, throws out a runner trying to steal, or tags a runner
trying to score. (d) Do not credit an assist to a fielder whose wild
throw permits a runner to advance, even though the runner subsequently
is put out as a result of continuous play. A play which follows a misplay
(whether or not it is an error) is a new play, and the fielder making
any misplay shall not be credited with an assist unless he takes part
in the new play.
DOUBLE PLAYS_TRIPLE PLAYS
10.12
Credit participation in the double play or triple play to each fielder
who earns a putout or an assist when two or three players are put out
between the time a pitch is delivered and the time the ball next becomes
dead or is next in possession of the pitcher in pitching position, unless
an error or misplay intervenes between putouts. NOTE: Credit the double
play or triple play also if an appeal play after the ball is in possession
of the pitcher results in an additional putout.
ERRORS
10.13
An error shall be charged for each misplay (fumble, muff or wild throw)
which prolongs the time at bat of a batter or which prolongs the life
of a runner, or which permits a runner to advance one or more bases.
NOTE (1) Slow handling of the ball which does not involve mechanical
misplay shall not be construed as an error. NOTE (2) It is not necessary
that the fielder touch the ball to be charged with an error. If a ground
ball goes through a fielder's legs or a pop fly falls untouched and
in the scorer's judgment the fielder could have handled the ball with
ordinary effort, an error shall be charged. NOTE (3) Mental mistakes
or misjudgments are not to be scored as errors unless specifically covered
in the rules. (a) An error shall be charged against any fielder when
he muffs a foul fly, to prolong the time at bat of a batter whether
the batter subsequently reaches first base or is put out. (b) An error
shall be charged against any fielder when he catches a thrown ball or
a ground ball in time to put out the batter runner and fails to tag
first base or the batter runner. (c) An error shall be charged against
any fielder when he catches a thrown ball or a ground ball in time to
put out any runner on a force play and fails to tag the base or the
runner. (d) (1) An error shall be charged against any fielder whose
wild throw permits a runner to reach a base safely, when in the scorer's
judgment a good throw would have put out the runner. EXCEPTION: No error
shall be charged under this section if the wild throw is made attempting
to prevent a stolen base. (2) An error shall be charged against any
fielder whose wild throw in attempting to prevent a runner's advance
permits that runner or any other runner to advance one or more bases
beyond the base he would have reached had the throw not been wild. (3)
An error shall be charged against any fielder whose throw takes an unnatural
bounce, or touches a base or the pitcher's plate, or touches a runner,
a fielder or an umpire, thereby permitting any runner to advance. NOTE:
Apply this rule even when it appears to be an injustice to a fielder
whose throw was accurate. Every base advanced by a runner must be accounted
for. (4) Charge only one error on any wild throw, regardless of the
number of bases advanced by one or more runners. (e) An error shall
be charged against any fielder whose failure to stop, or try to stop,
an accurately thrown ball permits a runner to advance, providing there
was occasion for the throw. If such throw be made to second base, the
scorer shall determine whether it was the duty of the second baseman
or the shortstop to stop the ball, and an error shall be charged to
the negligent player. NOTE: If in the scorer's judgment there was no
occasion for the throw, an error shall be charged to the fielder who
threw the ball. (f) When an umpire awards the batter or any runner or
runners one or more bases because of interference or obstruction, charge
the fielder who committed the interference or obstruction with one error,
no matter how many bases the batter, or runner or runners, may be advanced.
NOTE: Do not charge an error if obstruction does not change the play
in the opinion of the scorer.
10.14
No error shall be charged in the following cases: (a) No error shall
be charged against the catcher when after receiving the pitch, he makes
a wild throw attempting to prevent a stolen base, unless the wild throw
permits the stealing runner to advance one or more extra bases, or permits
any other runner to advance one or more bases. (b) No error shall be
charged against any fielder who makes a wild throw if in the scorer's
judgment the runner would not have been put out with ordinary effort
by a good throw, unless such wild throw permits any runner to advance
beyond the base he would have reached had the throw not been wild. (c)
No error shall be charged against any fielder when he makes a wild throw
in attempting to complete a double play or triple play, unless such
wild throw enables any runner to advance beyond the base he would have
reached had the throw not been wild. NOTE: When a fielder muffs a thrown
ball which, if held, would have completed a double play or triple play,
charge an error to the fielder who drops the ball and credit an assist
to the fielder who made the throw. (d) No error shall be charged against
any fielder when, after fumbling a ground ball or dropping a fly ball,
a line drive or a thrown ball, he recovers the ball in time to force
out a runner at any base. (e) No error shall be charged against any
fielder who permits a foul fly to fall safe with a runner on third base
before two are out, if in the scorer's judgment the fielder deliberately
refuses the catch in order that the runner on third shall not score
after the catch. (f) Because the pitcher and catcher handle the ball
much more than other fielders, certain misplays on pitched balls are
defined in Rule 10.15 as wild pitches and passed balls. No error shall
be charged when a wild pitch or passed ball is scored. (1) No error
shall be charged when the batter is awarded first base on four called
balls or because he was touched by a pitched ball, or when he reaches
first base as the result of a wild pitch or passed ball. (i) When the
third strike is a wild pitch, permitting the batter to reach first base,
score a strikeout and a wild pitch. (ii) When the third strike is a
passed ball, permitting the batter to reach first base, score a strikeout
and a passed ball. (2) No error shall be charged when a runner or runners
advance as the result of a passed ball, a wild pitch or a balk. (i)
When the fourth called ball is a wild pitch or a passed ball, and as
a result (a) the batter runner advances to a base beyond first base;
(b) any runner forced to advance by the base on balls advances more
than one base, or (c) any runner, not forced to advance, advances one
or more bases, score the base on balls, and also the wild pitch or passed
ball, as the case may be; (ii) When the catcher recovers the ball after
a wild pitch or passed ball on the third strike, and throws out the
batter runner at first base, or tags out the batter runner, but another
runner or runners advance, score the strikeout, the putout and assists,
if any, and credit the advance of the other runner or runners as having
been made on the play.
WILD PITCHES_PASSED BALLS
10.15
(a) A wild pitch shall be charged when a legally delivered ball is so
high, or so wide, or so low that the catcher does not stop and control
the ball by ordinary effort, thereby permitting a runner or runners
to advance. (1) A wild pitch shall be charged when a legally delivered
ball touches the ground before reaching home plate and is not handled
by the catcher, permitting a runner or runners to advance. (b) A catcher
shall be charged with a passed ball when he fails to hold or to control
a legally pitched ball which should have been held or controlled with
ordinary effort, thereby permitting a runner or runners to advance.
BASES ON BALLS
10.16
(a) A base on balls shall be scored whenever a batter is awarded first
base because of four balls having been pitched outside the strike zone,
but when the fourth such ball touches the batter it shall be scored
as a "hit batter." (See 10.18 (h) for procedure when more
than one pitcher is involved in giving a base on balls: Also see 10.17
(b) relative to substitute batter who receives base on balls.) (b) Intentional
base on balls shall be scored when the pitcher makes no attempt to throw
the last pitch to the batter into the strike zone but purposely throws
the ball wide to the catcher outside the catcher's box. (1) If a batter
awarded a base on balls is called out for refusing to advance to first
base, do not credit the base on balls. Charge a time at bat.
STRIKEOUTS
10.17
(a) A strikeout shall be scored whenever: (1) A batter is put out by
a third strike caught by the catcher; (2) A batter is put out by a third
strike not caught when there is a runner on first before two are out;
(3) A batter becomes a runner because a third strike is not caught;
(4) A batter bunts foul on third strike. EXCEPTION: If such bunt on
third strike results in a foul fly caught by any fielder, do not score
a strikeout. Credit the fielder who catches such foul fly with a putout.
(b) When the batter leaves the game with two strikes against him, and
the substitute batter completes a strikeout, charge the strikeout and
the time at bat to the first batter. If the substitute batter completes
the turn at bat in any other manner, including a base on balls, score
the action as having been that of the substitute batter.
EARNED RUNS
10.18
An earned run is a run for which the pitcher is held accountable. In
determining earned runs, the inning should be reconstructed without
the errors (which include catcher's interference) and passed balls,
and the benefit of the doubt should always be given to the pitcher in
determining which bases would have been reached by errorless play. For
the purpose of determining earned runs, an intentional base on balls,
regardless of the circumstances, shall be construed in exactly the same
manner as any other base on balls. (a) An earned run shall be charged
every time a runner reaches home base by the aid of safe hits, sacrifice
bunts, a sacrifice fly, stolen bases, putouts, fielder's choices, bases
on balls, hit batters, balks or wild pitches (including a wild pitch
on third strike which permits a batter to reach first base) before fielding
chances have been offered to put out the offensive team. For the purpose
of this rule, a defensive interference penalty shall be construed as
a fielding chance. (1) A wild pitch is solely the pitcher's fault, and
contributes to an earned run just as a base on balls or a balk. (b)
No run shall be earned when scored by a runner who reaches first base
(1) on a hit or otherwise after his time at bat is prolonged by a muffed
foul fly; (2) because of interference or obstruction or (3) because
of any fielding error. (c) No run shall be earned when scored by a runner
whose life is prolonged by an error, if such runner would have been
put out by errorless play. (d) No run shall be earned when the runner's
advance is aided by an error, a passed ball, or defensive interference
or obstruction, if the scorer judges that the run would not have scored
without the aid of such misplay. (e) An error by a pitcher is treated
exactly the same as an error by any other fielder in computing earned
runs. (f) Whenever a fielding error occurs, the pitcher shall be given
the benefit of the doubt in determining to which bases any runners would
have advanced had the fielding of the defensive team been errorless.
(g) When pitchers are changed during an inning, the relief pitcher shall
not be charged with any run (earned or unearned) scored by a runner
who was on base at the time he entered the game, nor for runs scored
by any runner who reaches base on a fielder's choice which puts out
a runner left on base by the preceding pitcher. br /> NOTE: It is
the intent of this rule to charge each pitcher with the number of runners
he put on base, rather than with the individual runners. When a pitcher
puts runners on base, and is relieved, he shall be charged with all
runs subsequently scored up to and including the number of runners he
left on base when he left the game, unless such runners are put out
without action by the batter, i.e., caught stealing, picked off base,
or called out for interference when a batter runner does not reach first
base on the play. EXCEPTION: see example 7. EXAMPLES: (1) P1 walks A
and is relieved by P2. B grounds out, sending A to second. C flies out.
D singles, scoring A. Charge run to P1. (2) P1 walks A and is relieved
by P2. B forces A at second. C grounds out, sending B to second. D singles,
scoring B. Charge run to P1. (3) P1 walks A and is relieved by P2. B
singles, sending A to third. C grounds to short, and A is out at home,
B going to second. D flies out. E singles, scoring B. Charge run to
P1. (4) P1 walks A and is relieved by P2. B walks. C flies out. A is
picked off second. D doubles, scoring B from first. Charge run to P2.
(5) P1 walks A and is relieved by P2. P2 walks B and is relieved by
P3. C forces A at third. D forces B at third. E hits home run, scoring
three runs. Charge one run to P1; one run to P2, one run to P3. (6)
P1 walks A, and is relieved by P2, P2 walks B. C singles, filling the
bases. D forces A at home. E singles, scoring B and C. Charge one run
to P1 and one run to P2. (7) P1 walks A, and is relieved by P2. P2 allows
B to single, but A is out trying for third. B takes second on the throw.
C singles, scoring B. Charge run to P2. (h) A relief pitcher shall not
be held accountable when the first batter to whom he pitches reaches
first base on four called balls if such batter has a decided advantage
in the ball and strike count when pitchers are changed. (1) If, when
pitchers are changed, the count is 2 balls, no strike, 2 balls, 1 strike,
3 balls, no strike, 3 balls, 1 strike, 3 balls, 2 strikes, and the batter
gets a base on balls, charge that batter and the base on balls to the
preceding pitcher, not to the relief pitcher. (2) Any other action by
such batter, such as reaching base on a hit, an error, a fielder's choice,
a force out, or being touched by a pitched ball, shall cause such a
batter to be charged to the relief pitcher. NOTE: The provisions of
10.18 (h) (2) shall not be construed as affecting or conflicting with
the provisions of 10.18 (g). (3) If, when pitchers are changed, the
count is 2 balls, 2 strikes, 1 ball, 2 strikes, 1 ball, 1 strike, 1
ball, no strike, no ball, 2 strikes, no ball, 1 strike, charge that
batter and his actions to the relief pitcher. (i) When pitchers are
changed during an inning, the relief pitcher shall not have the benefit
of previous chances for outs not accepted in determining earned runs.
NOTE: It is the intent of this rule to charge relief pitchers with earned
runs for which they are solely responsible. In some instances, runs
charged as earned against the relief pitcher can be charged as unearned
against the team. EXAMPLES: (1) With two out, P1 walks A. B reaches
base on an error. P2 relieves P1. C hits home run, scoring three runs.
Charge two unearned runs to P1, one earned run to P2. (2) With two out,
P1 walks A and B and is relieved by P2. C reaches base on an error.
D hits home run, scoring four runs. Charge two unearned runs to P1,
two unearned runs to P2. (3) With none out, P1 walks A. B reaches base
on an error. P2 relieves P1. C hits home run, scoring three runs. D
and E strike out. F reaches base on an error. G hits home run, scoring
two runs. Charge two runs, one earned, to P1. Charge three runs, one
earned, to P2.
WINNING AND LOSING PITCHER
10.19
(a) Credit the starting pitcher with a game won only if he has pitched
at least five complete innings and his team not only is in the lead
when he is replaced but remains in the lead the remainder of the game.
(b) The "must pitch five complete innings" rule in respect
to the starting pitcher shall be in effect for all games of six or more
innings. In a five inning game, credit the starting pitcher with a game
won if he has pitched at least four complete innings and his team not
only is in the lead when he is replaced but remains in the lead the
remainder of the game. (c) When the starting pitcher cannot be credited
with the victory because of the provisions of 10.19 (a) or (b) and more
than one relief pitcher is used, the victory shall be awarded on the
following basis: (1) When, during the tenure of the starting pitcher,
the winning team assumes the lead and maintains it to the finish of
the game, credit the victory to the relief pitcher judged by the scorer
to have been the most effective; (2) Whenever the score is tied the
game becomes a new contest insofar as the winning and losing pitcher
is concerned; (3) Once the opposing team assumes the lead all pitchers
who have pitched up to that point are excluded from being credited with
the victory except that if the pitcher against whose pitching the opposing
team gained the lead continues to pitch until his team regains the lead,
which it holds to the finish of the game, that pitcher shall be the
winning pitcher;
(4) The winning relief pitcher shall be the one who is the pitcher of
record when his team assumes the lead and maintains it to the finish
of the game. EXCEPTION: Do not credit a victory to a relief pitcher
who is ineffective in a brief appearance, when a succeeding relief pitcher
pitches effectively in helping his team maintain the lead. In such cases,
credit the succeeding relief pitcher with the victory. (d) When a pitcher
is removed for a substitute batter or substitute runner, all runs scored
by his team during the inning in which he is removed shall be credited
to his benefit in determining the pitcher of record when his team assumes
the lead. (e) Regardless of how many innings the first pitcher has pitched,
he shall be charged with the loss of the game if he is replaced when
his team is behind in the score, or falls behind because of runs charged
to him after he is replaced, and his team thereafter fails either to
tie the score or gain the lead. (f) No pitcher shall be credited with
pitching a shutout unless he pitches the complete game, or unless he
enters the game with none out before the opposing team has scored in
the first inning, puts out the side without a run scoring and pitches
all the rest of the game. When two or more pitchers combine to pitch
a shutout a notation to that effect should be included in the league's
official pitching records. (g) In some non championship games (such
as the Major League All Star Game) it is provided in advance that each
pitcher shall work a stated number of innings, usually two or three.
In such games, it is customary to credit the victory to the pitcher
of record, whether starter or reliever, when the winning team takes
a lead which it maintains to the end of the game, unless such pitcher
is knocked out after the winning team has a commanding lead, and the
scorer believes a subsequent pitcher is entitled to credit for the victory.
SAVES FOR RELIEF PITCHERS
10.20
Credit a pitcher with a save when he meets all three of the following
conditions: (1) He is the finishing pitcher in a game won by his club;
and (2) He is not the winning pitcher; and (3) He qualifies under one
of the following conditions: (a) He enters the game with a lead of no
more than three runs and pitches for at least one inning; or (b) He
enters the game, regardless of the count, with the potential tying run
either on base, or at bat, or on deck (that is, the potential tying
run is either already on base or is one of the first two batsmen he
faces); or (c) He pitches effectively for at least three innings. No
more than one save may be credited in each game.
STATISTICS
10.21
The league president shall appoint an official statistician. The statistician
shall maintain an accumulative record of all the batting, fielding,
running and pitching records specified in 10.02 for every player who
appears in a league championship game. The statistician shall prepare
a tabulated report at the end of the season, including all individual
and team records for every championship game, and shall submit this
report to the league president. This report shall identify each player
by his first name and surname, and shall indicate as to each batter
whether he bats right-handed, left-handed or both ways; as to each fielder
and pitcher, whether he throws righthanded or lefthanded. When a player
listed in the starting lineup for the visiting club is substituted for
before he plays defensively, he shall not receive credit in the defensive
statistics (fielding), unless he actually plays that position during
a game. All such players, however, shall be credited with one game played
(in "batting statistics") as long as they are announced into
the game or listed on the official lineup card. Any games played to
break a divisional tie shall be included in the statistics for that
championship season.
DETERMINING PERCENTAGE RECORDS
10.22
To compute (a) Percentage of games won and lost, divide the number of
games won by the total games won and lost; (b) Batting average, divide
the total number of safe hits (not the total bases on hits) by the total
times at bat, as defined in 10.02 (a); (c) Slugging percentage, divide
the total bases of all safe hits by the total times at bat, as defined
in 10.02 (a); (d) Fielding average, divide the total putouts and assists
by the total of putouts, assists and errors; (e) Pitcher's earned run
average, multiply the total earned runs charged against his pitching
by 9, and divide the result by the total number of innings he pitched.
NOTE: Earned run average shall be calculated on the basis of total innings
pitched including fractional innings. EXAMPLE: 9 1/3 innings pitched
and 3 earned runs is an earned run average of 2.89 (3 ER times 9 divided
by 9 1/3 equals 2.89). (f) On base percentage, divide the total of hits,
all bases on balls, and hit by pitch by the total of at bats, all bases
on balls, hit by pitch and sacrifice flies. NOTE: For the purpose of
computing on base percentage, ignore being awarded first base on interference
or obstruction.
MINIMUM STANDARDS FOR INDIVIDUAL CHAMPIONSHIPS
10.23
To assure uniformity in establishing the batting, pitching and fielding
championships of professional leagues, such champions shall meet the
following minimum performance standards: (a) The individual batting
champion or slugging champion shall be the player with the highest batting
average or slugging percentage, provided he is credited with as many
or more total appearances at the plate in League Championship games
as the number of games scheduled for each club in his league that season,
multiplied by 3.1 in the case of a major league player. EXCEPTION: However,
if there is any player with fewer than the required number of plate
appearances whose average would be the highest, if he were charged with
the required number of plate appearances or official at bats, then that
player shall be awarded the batting championship or slugging championship.
EXAMPLE: If a major league schedules 162 games for each club, 502 plate
appearances qualify (162 times 3.1 equals 502). If a National Association
league schedules 140 games for each club, 378 plate appearances qualify
(140 times 2.7 equals 378). Total appearances at the plate shall include
official times at bat, plus bases on balls, times hit by pitcher, sacrifice
hits, sacrifice flies and times awarded first base because of interference
or obstruction. (b) The individual pitching champion shall be the pitcher
with the lowest earned run average, provided that he has pitched at
least as many innings as the number of games scheduled for each club
in his league that season. EXCEPTION: However, pitchers in National
Association leagues shall qualify for the pitching championship by having
the lowest earned run average and having pitched at least as many innings
as 80% of the number of games scheduled for each club in his league
that season. (c) The individual fielding champions shall be the fielders
with the highest fielding average at each position, provided: (1) A
catcher must have participated as a catcher in at least one half the
number of games scheduled for each club in his league that season; (2)
An infielder or outfielder must have participated at his position in
at least two thirds of the number of games scheduled for each club in
his league that season; (3) A pitcher must have pitched at least as
many innings as the number of games scheduled for each club in his league
that season. EXCEPTION: If another pitcher has a fielding average as
high or higher, and has handled more total chances in a lesser number
of innings, he shall be the fielding champion.
GUIDELINES FOR CUMULATIVE PERFORMANCE RECORDS
10.24
CONSECUTIVE HITTING STREAKS. (a) A consecutive hitting streak shall
not be terminated if the plate appearance results in a base on balls,
hit batsman, defensive interference or a sacrifice bunt. A sacrifice
fly shall terminate the streak. (b) CONSECUTIVE GAME HITTING STREAKS.
A consecutive game hitting streak shall not be terminated if all the
player's plate appearances (one or more) result in a base on balls,
hit batsman, defensive interference or a sacrifice bunt. The streak
shall terminate if the player has a sacrifice fly and no hit. The player's
individual consecutive game hitting streak shall be determined by the
consecutive games in which the player appears and is not determined
by his club's games. (c) CONSECUTIVE PLAYING STREAK. A consecutive game
playing streak shall be extended if the player plays one half inning
on defense, or if he completes a time at bat by reaching base or being
put out. A pinch running appearance only shall not extend the streak.
If a player is ejected from a game by an umpire before he can comply
with the requirements of this rule, his streak shall continue. (d) SUSPENDED
GAMES. For the purpose of this rule, all performances in the completion
of a suspended game shall be considered as occurring on the original
date of the game.
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